Colossus

Colossus is the name used for a cluster of data centers developed by xAI (later SpaceX-AI) in the Memphis, Tennessee–Southaven, Mississippi area. The original facility, Colossus 1, began construction in 2024 at a former Electrolux plant in South Memphis and became operational in July–September 2024.[1] Its primary purpose was to train the company's chatbot Grok; it also supported other projects associated with Elon Musk, including the social network X and SpaceX.[2] A second major facility, Colossus 2 (also referred to as Macrohard), was developed beginning in 2025 at 5420 Tulane Road in the Whitehaven area of Memphis, with associated power generation across the state line in Southaven, Mississippi. Additional nearby buildings (sometimes called Minihard and Macrohardrr / Colossus 3) expanded the cluster. As of mid-2026 the combined sites provided on the order of 1 gigawatt of AI compute capacity.[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colossus_(data_center)

• Rapid deployment relied on temporary gas turbines while grid and permanent generation were incomplete. In the Memphis area this raised concerns about air quality (NOx, formaldehyde, smog), water demand (millions of gallons per day), and strain on the local grid. Shelby County initially treated many units as portable/temporary and therefore outside certain permitting rules; later federal guidance and state actions tightened requirements... Temporary turbines continued to operate while a permanent plant was built; a 2026 agreed order with Mississippi regulators set a timeline for their removal by July 2027.

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